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Overview: Why card disputes feel so painful Credit card disputes (a.k.a. chargebacks in the card-network process) sit at the junction of consumer protection law, card-network rules, and rapidly changing e-commerce risk. That mix creates long timelines, inconsistent outcomes, and rising costs for everyone. U.S. consumers have statutory rights under the Fair Credit Billing Act (implemented in Regulation Z §1026.13), while merchants…

Banks in 2025 are converging on three themes: instant money movement, richer payment data, and programmable financial infrastructure. Below is a practical overview of what changed or is changing, why it matters, and what to do next. The EU’s Instant Payments Regulation sets hard dates: euro-area PSPs must receive SEPA instant payments by 9 January 2025 and send them by 9…

Executive Summary Global markets enter late August with mixed signals: investors weigh rising stagflation fears in the U.S., central banks that are edging toward policy inflection points, and geopolitics tugging at oil. Despite the noise, major indices remain resilient, while bond markets and commodities are flashing caution. Macro Backdrop: Growth, Prices, and Policy Recent sentiment surveys show a marked pickup in global…