Stablecoins cluster into three design families: fiat-collateralized, crypto-collateralized, and algorithmic. Fiat-backed coins dominate usage but depend on custodian and disclosure quality; crypto-collateralized coins are transparent and permissionless but must over-collateralize and rely on liquidations and oracles; algorithmic models promise capital efficiency but have repeatedly failed under stress. Regulation is tightening in both the EU (MiCA) and the U.S. (GENIUS Act…
Mining secures proof-of-work networks like Bitcoin by expending electricity on specialized hardware; staking secures proof-of-stake networks like Ethereum by locking coins as collateral to validate blocks. Mining returns hinge on hashprice, electricity rate, and machine efficiency. Staking returns hinge on protocol reward rate (APR), fees, and operational risks such as slashing and exit queues. In 2025, typical ETH staking yields…
“Yield farming” is an umbrella strategy for maximizing onchain returns by moving assets across DeFi protocols (DEXs, lending, vaults) to harvest fees, interest, and token incentives. “Liquidity mining” is one (very common) incentive mechanism within that world: protocols reward users for supplying liquidity—often with newly issued governance tokens, plus a share of fees. In practice, yield farmers may participate in…
Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) coordinate people and capital using smart contracts instead of executives and boards. Good governance blends three layers: decision-making (who votes and how), execution (how decisions trigger code and payments), and safeguards (how emergencies are handled). In 2025, most serious DAOs combine token or delegated voting with timelocks, multisig treasuries, and optional “security councils”—and many run low-cost,…
Web3 finance is moving from speculation to utility. Dollar-pegged stablecoins have passed roughly $275–278 billion in circulating value, tokenized U.S. Treasuries sit around $7.4 billion, and real-world assets (RWAs) excluding stablecoins are now in the mid-$20 billions. Regulation is finally catching up, with the U.S. GENIUS Act and the EU’s MiCA defining how stablecoins and service providers operate. On the…
In proof-of-stake (PoS) networks, validators lock up crypto (“stake”) to help order transactions and produce blocks. In return, they earn protocol rewards and a share of fees; misbehavior can be penalized (“slashing”). On Ethereum, for example, validators stake ETH and earn rewards from issuance, transaction fees, and MEV (maximal extractable value).
How staking rewards are generated
Rewards generally come from three sources:…
2025 is the year crypto’s consumer UX, institutional rails, and regulation finally converge. Expect smart-account wallets to make onboarding feel Web2-simple, modular blockchains to supercharge throughput, tokenized RWAs to keep climbing, and the Bitcoin ecosystem to expand beyond “digital gold.” Meanwhile, ETFs broaden access and new laws set clearer rules, especially for stablecoins.
1) Real-world assets (RWA) go mainstream
Tokenized assets…
DeFi replaces intermediaries with open smart contracts, enabling 24/7 markets and programmable money; TradFi anchors trust via licensed institutions, deposit insurance, and established payment networks. In 2025, regulation tightened on stablecoins in the U.S. with the GENIUS Act on July 18, while the EU continues rolling out MiCA. Major incumbents are adopting blockchain rails for settlement and tokenization, narrowing the…
Table of contents
What Layer-2s are and why 2025 matters
How rollups work
Milestones since 2024
The two big designs: optimistic vs. ZK
Data availability in 2025: Ethereum blobs and alt-DA
Sequencers and the push to decentralize ordering
How to choose an L2 in 2025
Beyond Ethereum: OP Stack chains and SVM L2s
FAQs
What Layer-2s are and why 2025 matters
Layer-2 networks scale Ethereum by executing transactions off-chain and periodically…
Table of contents
What a smart contract is
How execution works on Ethereum
Core properties and trade-offs
Token standards that power Web3
Oracles and the “oracle problem”
Common use cases in 2025
Security pitfalls and best practices
Upgrades and proxy patterns
Fees and scaling with rollups
Account abstraction and smart-contract wallets
Getting started
FAQs
What a smart contract is
A smart contract is program code plus state stored at an on-chain address; when a…
What is a stablecoin?
A stablecoin is a crypto token designed to maintain a fixed value—most commonly one US dollar—by holding reserves or using other mechanisms that stabilize its price. Stablecoins circulate mainly on public blockchains and promise redemption at par, which is why they are often used like digital cash inside crypto apps.
As a quick snapshot of scale, the combined…
What counts as a “top” DeFi platform?
Decentralized finance apps let anyone with a wallet access financial services that run on smart contracts instead of intermediaries. At a minimum, “top” platforms combine high real usage, transparent documentation, and strong risk controls. Ethereum remains a major hub (with many apps now on Layer-2 for lower fees), but leading options also exist on…
Yield farming is a way to put your crypto to work by supplying it to DeFi protocols for fees, interest, or token rewards. Top sources of yield include DEX trading fees, lending markets, and incentive emissions; auto-compounders can automate the heavy lifting. The big risks are impermanent loss, smart-contract exploits, depegs, bridge risks, and wallet/approval mistakes—so start small, use reputable…
Table of Contents
What DeFi Means (In Plain English)
How DeFi Works
Core Building Blocks
Benefits and Limitations
Security Risks You Must Know
Wallets, Keys, and Gas Fees
Trends to Watch in 2025
Getting Started: A Safe, Step-by-Step Plan
Frequently Asked Questions
What DeFi Means (In Plain English)
Decentralized finance, or DeFi, is an open set of financial services built on public blockchains—primarily Ethereum—where software replaces traditional intermediaries. Anyone with an…