The quick view
Below are two clean, reusable charts you can embed or download.
Halving timeline (2012–2024): Download PNG · Download CSV
Hashrate milestones (2021–2025): Download PNG · Download CSV
The fourth halving cut block rewards to 3.125 BTC on April 20, 2024 (block 840,000). Miners also collected a record fee haul on the halving block as users competed for inclusion. In 2025, network…
Crypto investors don’t set out to make tax mistakes—but fast-moving markets, complex DeFi mechanics, and changing rules make it easy to slip up. Below are the most common tax issues investors try to ignore (and why that’s risky), with practical fixes you can use right now. Nothing here is tax advice for your specific situation; use it as a checklist…
Measured as an engineering system, Bitcoin is unusually robust: the base layer has been online ~99.99% of the time since 2009; issuance is fixed by code (21 million cap with pre-set halvings); and global settlement proceeds without central permission. But robustness isn’t perfection—fees can spike, the network consumes real-world energy, and regulation and volatility remain constraints.
What “robustness” means here
In this…